3.1.1 Query the RDF database

[nondet]rdf(?S, ?P, ?O)

[nondet]rdf(?S, ?P, ?O, ?G)

True if an RDF triple <S,P,O> exists, optionally in the graph G. The object O is either a resource (atom) or one of the terms listed below. The described types apply for the case where O is unbound. If O is instantiated it is converted according to the rules described with rdf_assert/3.

Triples consist of the following three terms:

• Blank nodes are encoded by atoms that start with‘_:`.
• IRIs appear in two notations:
  • Full IRIs are encoded by atoms that do not start with‘_:`. Specifically, an IRI term is not required to follow the IRI standard grammar.
  • Abbreviated IRI notation that allows IRI prefix aliases that are registered by rdf_register_prefix/[2,3] to be used. Their notation is Alias:Local, where Alias and Local are atoms. Each abbreviated IRI is expanded by the system to a full IRI.

• Literals appear in two notations:

  String @ Lang

  A language-tagged string, where String is a Prolog string and Lang is an atom.

  Value ^^ Type

  A type qualified literal. For unknown types, Value is a Prolog string. If type is known, the Prolog representations from the table below are used.

  Datatype IRI	Prolog term
  xsd:float	float
  xsd:double	float
  xsd:decimal	float (1)
  xsd:integer	integer
  XSD integer sub-types	integer
  xsd:boolean	true or false
  xsd:date	date(Y,M,D)
  xsd:dateTime	date_time(Y,M,D,HH,MM,SS) (2,3)
  xsd:gDay	integer
  xsd:gMonth	integer
  xsd:gMonthDay	month_day(M,D)
  xsd:gYear	integer
  xsd:gYearMonth	year_month(Y,M)
  xsd:time	time(HH,MM,SS) (2)

Notes:

(1) The current implementation of xsd:decimal values as floats is formally incorrect. Future versions of SWI-Prolog may introduce decimal as a subtype of rational.

(2) SS fields denote the number of seconds. This can either be an integer or a float.

(3) The date_time structure can have a 7th field that denotes the timezone offset in seconds as an integer.

In addition, a ground object value is translated into a properly typed RDF literal using rdf_canonical_literal/2.

There is a fine distinction in how duplicate statements are handled in rdf/[3,4]: backtracking over rdf/3 will never return duplicate triples that appear in multiple graphs. rdf/4 will return such duplicate triples, because their graph term differs.

S	is the subject term. It is either a blank node or IRI.
P	is the predicate term. It is always an IRI.
O	is the object term. It is either a literal, a blank node or IRI (except for true and false that denote the values of datatype XSD boolean).
G	is the graph term. It is always an IRI.

See also

- Triple pattern querying
- xsd_number_string/2 and xsd_time_string/3 are used to convert between lexical representations and Prolog terms.

[nondet]rdf_has(?S, +P, ?O)

[nondet]rdf_has(?S, +P, ?O, -RealP)

Similar to rdf/3 and rdf/4, but P matches all predicates that are defined as an rdfs:subPropertyOf of P. This predicate also recognises the predicate properties inverse_of and symmetric. See rdf_set_predicate/2.

[nondet]rdf_reachable(?S, +P, ?O)

[nondet]rdf_reachable(?S, +P, ?O, +MaxD, -D)

True when O can be reached from S using the transitive closure of P. The predicate uses (the internals of) rdf_has/3 and thus matches both rdfs:subPropertyOf and the inverse_of and symmetric predicate properties. The version rdf_reachable/5 maximizes the steps considered and returns the number of steps taken.

If both S and O are given, these predicates are semidet. The number of steps D is minimal because the implementation uses breadth first search.

Constraints on literal values

[semidet]{}(+Where)

[semidet]rdf_where(+Where)

Formulate constraints on RDF terms, notably literals. These are intended to be used as illustrated below. RDF constraints are pure: they may be placed before, after or inside a graph pattern and, provided the code contains no commit operations (!, ->), the semantics of the goal remains the same. Preferably, constraints are placed before the graph pattern as they often help the RDF database to exploit its literal indexes. In the example below, the database can choose between using the subject and/or predicate hash or the ordered literal table.

    { Date >= "2000-01-01"^^xsd:date },
    rdf(S, P, Date)

The following constraints are currently defined:

> , >=,==,=<,<

The comparison operators are defined between numbers (of any recognised type), typed literals of the same type and langStrings of the same language.

prefix(String, Pattern)

substring(String, Pattern)

word(String, Pattern)

like(String, Pattern)

icase(String, Pattern)

Text matching operators that act on both typed literals and langStrings.

lang_matches(Term, Pattern)

Demands a full RDF term (Text@Lang) or a plain Lang term to match the language pattern Pattern.

The predicates rdf_where/1 and {}/1 are identical. The rdf_where/1 variant is provided to avoid ambiguity in applications where {}/1 is used for other purposes. Note that it is also possible to write rdf11:{...}.