5.4.3 When to use dicts?

Dicts are a new type in the Prolog world. They compete with several other types and libraries. In the list below we have a closer look at these relations. We will see that dicts are first of all a good replacement for compound terms with a high or not clearly fixed arity, library library(record) and option processing.

Compound terms

Compound terms with positional arguments form the traditional way to package data in Prolog. This representation is well understood, fast and compound terms are stored efficiently. Compound terms are still the representation of choice, provided that the number of arguments is low and fixed or compactness or performance are of utmost importance.

A good example of a compound term is the representation of RDF triples using the term rdf(Subject, Predicate, Object) because RDF triples are defined to have precisely these three arguments and they are always referred to in this order. An application processing information about persons should probably use dicts because the information that is related to a person is not so fixed. Typically we see first and last name. But there may also be title, middle name, gender, date of birth, etc. The number of arguments becomes unmanageable when using a compound term, while adding or removing an argument leads to many changes in the program.

Library library(record)

Using library library(record) relieves the maintenance issues associated with using compound terms significantly. The library generates access and modification predicates for each field in a compound term from a declaration. The library provides sound access to compound terms with many arguments. One of its problems is the verbose syntax needed to access or modify fields which results from long names for the generated predicates and the restriction that each field needs to be extracted with a separate goal. Consider the example below, where the first uses library library(record) and the second uses dicts.

    ...,
    person_first_name(P, FirstName),
    person_last_name(P, LastName),
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [FirstName, LastName]).

    ...,
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [Dict.first_name, Dict.last_name]).

Records have a fixed number of arguments and (non-)existence of an argument must be represented using a value that is outside the normal domain. This lead to unnatural code. For example, suppose our person also has a title. If we know the first name we use this and else we use the title. The code samples below illustrate this.

salutation(P) :-
    person_first_name(P, FirstName), nonvar(FirstName), !,
    person_last_name(P, LastName),
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [FirstName, LastName]).
salutation(P) :-
    person_title(P, Title), nonvar(Title), !,
    person_last_name(P, LastName),
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [Title, LastName]).

salutation(P) :-
    _{first_name:FirstName, last_name:LastName} :< P, !,
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [FirstName, LastName]).
salutation(P) :-
    _{title:Title, last_name:LastName} :< P, !,
    format('Dear ~w ~w,~n~n', [Title, LastName]).

Library library(assoc)

This library implements a balanced binary tree. Dicts can replace the use of this library if the association is fairly static (i.e., there are few update operations), all keys are atoms or (small) integers and the code does not rely on ordered operations.

Library library(option)

Option lists are introduced by ISO Prolog, for example for read_term/3, open/4, etc. The library(option) library provides operations to extract options, merge options lists, etc. Dicts are well suited to replace option lists because they are cheaper, can be processed faster and have a more natural syntax.

Library library(pairs)

This library is commonly used to process large name-value associations. In many cases this concerns short-lived data structures that result from findall/3, maplist/3 and similar list processing predicates. Dicts may play a role if frequent random key lookups are needed on the resulting association. For example, the skeleton‘create a pairs list’,‘use list_to_assoc/2 to create an assoc’, followed by frequent usage of get_assoc/3 to extract key values can be replaced using dict_pairs/3 and the dict access functions. Using dicts in this scenario is more efficient and provides a more pleasant access syntax.